Sunday, September 18, 2011

Map of the Week 9-19-2011: Mecca at the Center of the World

“From whencesoever Thou startest forth, turn Thy face in the direction of the sacred Mosque; that is indeed the truth from the Lord. And Allah is not unmindful of what ye do” (Qur'an 2:149–150).


 Mecca at the Center of the World

Equidistant azimuthal projection, centered on Mecca, and green lines showing the Qibla (shortest direction to Kaaba in Mecca, 21° 25′ 21″ N, 39° 49′ 34″ E)  The problem with this projection is that is shows correctly directions FROM Mecca, but not directions TO Mecca, which is what is needed to know in which direction to pray.  For that we need an entirely different kind of projection, a Retro-Azimuthal Projection. 

“Qibla (or qiblah; Arabic: قبلة‎) is an Arabic word for the direction that should be faced when a Muslim prays during Salah, the Islamic practice of formal prayer, usually performed five times a day. Since 622 AD, that direction has been towards Kaaba (The Cube), a cube-shaped building in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, which is the most sacred site in Islam. Muslim mosques are aligned with qibla, Muslims are buried with their faces in the direction of the qibla, and the fact that all Muslims pray towards the Kaaba is traditionally considered to be a symbol of the unity of all Muslims worldwide,”  (Wikipedia, Qibla).
But there are quibbles about qibla.  A July 19 CNN article comments, “Indonesian Muslims have been praying in the wrong direction, the country's highest Islamic authority has said.  The Indonesian Ulema Council told the country's Muslim populace in March to turn west when they offered their daily prayers.  Muslims are supposed to face the Kaaba, the religion's most sacred site in the city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia.  At the time, the council said that the direction of Kaaba from Indonesia laid to the west.  Turns out, it didn't.  Africa did.  So, on Friday, the council issued a new edict: face northwest.” 
Qibla has always been somewhat problematic.  “The determination of the qibla has in the past exercised the minds of the greatest astronomers, geographers, and mathematicians of the Islamic world.  Already in the late 8th century, sophisticated mathematical solutions were developed that were based on spherical trigonometry and the geographical knowledge of that period.  The most commonly adopted algorithm was based on the great-circle path (or shortest-distance path) connecting the observer with the Ka‘ba in Mecca and determining its angle with the direction to North” (“Determining the Sacred Direction of Islam,” from: http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/qibla.htm)
 “Several Muslim mathematicians and astronomers, such as Abu Rayhan Biruni, have discussed the correct way of determining the Qiblah direction from any point on the Earth's surface.  They agree that at the two moments in each year when the sun is directly overhead the Kaaba, the direction of shadows in any sunlit place will point directly away from the Qiblah. This happens on May 27 or May 28 at 9:18 GMT and on July 15 or July 16 at 9:27 GMT. Likewise there are two moments in each year when the Sun is directly over the antipodes of the Kaaba.  This happens on January 12 or January 13 at 21:29 GMT and on November 28 at 21:09 GMT.  Because the Earth is almost a sphere, this is almost the same as saying that the Qiblah from a place is the direction in which a bird would start flying in order to get to the Kaaba by the shortest possible way,” (Wikipedia, Qibla).
“The Craig retroazimuthal map projection was created by James Ireland Craig in 1909. It is a cylindrical projection preserving the direction from any place to another, predetermined place while avoiding some of the bizarre distortion of the Hammer retroazimuthal projection. It is sometimes known as the Mecca projection because Craig, who'd worked in Egypt as a cartographer, created it to help Muslims find their qibla.

The Craig Retro-azimuthal (aka "Mecca") projection.  "Centred on Makkah, you can measure the great-circle azimuth to Makkah from any other point on the map by measuring the angle from the vertical.  Like all retroazimuthal projections, distortion is high near the edges, and there are unusual 'wrap around' effects, seen here as an overlap in the reticle at the bottom of the map."


“A stereographic projection taken from Waldo Tobler’s PowerPoint presentation.  As Waldo notes in his article, ‘Qibla and Related Map Projections,’ ‘The Qibla problem - determination of the direction to Mecca - has given rise to retro-azimuthal map projections, an interesting, albeit unusual and little known, class of map projections.’” 

Today, there are several web sites devoted to finding qibla from any place on earth; for example, a web site called Earth Islamic claims to be “the first satellite-map based Qibla locator service and allows you to “find Qibla direction at any point on Earth accurately.” Debates about finding qibla from space (there have been several Muslim astronauts) resulted in a conference sponsored by the Malaysian National Space Agency in 2006 to address the issue; the conference concluded that the astronauts should determine the location of the qibala "according to [their] capability," and the Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani has stated that Muslim astronauts should face the direction of the Earth (Wikipedia, Qibla).
Waldo Tobler published an excellent article on the subject in 2002 (W. Tobler, 2002, Qibla and Related Map Projections, Cartography and Geographical Information Systems, 29(1): 17-23) at http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~tobler/publications/pdf_docs/cartography/projections/QiblaProjs.pdf

This is VERY interesting!  Check it out!  A PowerPoint presentation Waldo gave relating to the article can be found here:  http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/projects/tobler/Qibla/sld001.htm




 And although this is supposed to be the MAP of the Week, not the MAPS of the Week, I couldn't resist adding this rather nice depiction of the distribution of Muslim population in Africa, Asia, and Europe.
Also, see post "We Have a Winner!" for information about the Map Projection Contest which featured the mystery map projection, aka the Craig Retro-Azimuthal projection.http://geographer-at-large.blogspot.com/2011/09/we-have-winner.html  


42 comments:

  1. Makkah is a heart of Islam and Khana Kabba is a heart of earth if some one wants to go there cheap umrah packages for this season (2013) is available for single and bulk passengers.

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  2. Mashallah Very Nice… Qibla Direction is a free app for the Android and iOS which lets Muslims know where to turn before they pray.

    Deenwise Qibla Direction app works perfectly for your Android smartphone and wearable smartwatch. Deenwise Qiblah direction app supports all countries and continents. The app uses GPS to find your current location or an internet connection to update your location for smartphone as well as android wear. You just need to open the app and place your device on flat surface and away from ferrous metal and magnetic field.

    Download for iOS: https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/qibla-directions/id898694299?mt=8

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  3. Prayer timing is with an easy to use interface, displaying daily prayer times (Fajr, Zuhr, Asr, Magrib, Isha) according the location. This modern freeware app Prayer timing can help Muslims perform daily prayers anywhere in the world in time.
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  4. It was very interesting to read about the idea of Mecca at the Center of the World. Maybe you'll be interested in reading about satellite image interpretation in here http://www.imagesatintl.com/services/satellite-image-analysis/

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  5. jesus loves you muslim , there is no other way that can lead us to heaven more than jesus

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    Replies
    1. follow his right teachings brother not the church. The truth shall seek u soon

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  6. From the above map, it clearly indicates that the center of the earth is Mecca.

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  7. Mecca is one of the most visited cities in the world and the best time to go there would be during the month of Ramadan.

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  9. If the universe is limited it can be :) If you hold a ball and look upon it from above, there will be a center on it viewed from above or any kind of direction you view upon it there will always be a center point in the middle of your viewpoint when you look straight upon it. If you then make the ball spin around it must have been when the creation of the ball was done :)
    Otherwise all other places that are in the same line with that point will be the center point.
    Maybe who knows the universe is limited and some fellow created a ball ones upon a time and that point was the center of his viewpoint at that moment :)
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